Título del artículo:

Activities for Organizational Learning in Medium-size Companies

The paper aims to analyze the activities for organizational learning in medium-size companies. This paper studies the activities of knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation. The research considers a descriptive approach, of field type, and not experimental form. A data collection questionnaire was applied to 44 medium-sized companies in Valledupar, Colombia. The results highlight the strong presence of activities about knowledge exploration and knowledge exploitation in the companies analyzed. Additionally, the results indicate the absence of statistical differences in the development of these activities inside the companies analyzed in this work.

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Informacion Tecnologica

Título del artículo:

Scorpion venom: New promise in the treatment of cancer

Cancer is a public health problem due to its high worldwide morbimortality. Current treatment protocols do not guarantee complete remission, which has prompted to search for new and more effective antitumoral compounds. Several substances exhibiting cytostatic and cytotoxic effects over cancer cells might contribute to the treatment of this pathology. Some studies indicate the presence of such substances in scorpion venom. In this review, we report characteristics of the principal scorpion venom components found in recent literature and their potential activity against tumor cells. There are different toxin groups present in the venom, and it seems that their mode of actions involves ionic channel blocking, disruption of the cell membrane integrity and damage to internal cell organelles. These properties make good prospects for studies on drugs and adjuvants in cancer treatment.

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Acta Biologica Colombiana

Título del artículo:

Enkephalins and ACTH in the mammalian nervous system

The pentapeptides methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin belong to the opioid family of peptides, and the non-opiate peptide adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) to the melanocortin peptide family. Enkephalins/ACTH are derived from pro-enkephalin, pro-dynorphin or pro-opiomelanocortin precursors and, via opioid and melanocortin receptors, are responsible for many biological activities. Enkephalins exhibit the highest affinity for the δ receptor, followed by the μ and κ receptors, whereas ACTH binds to the five subtypes of melanocortin receptor, and is the only member of the melanocortin family of peptides that binds to the melanocortin-receptor 2 (ACTH receptor). Enkephalins/ACTH and their receptors exhibit a widespread anatomical distribution. Enkephalins are involved in analgesia, angiogenesis, blood pressure, embryonic development, emotional behavior, feeding, hypoxia, limbic system modulation, neuroprotection, peristalsis, and wound repair; as well as in hepatoprotective, motor, neuroendocrine and respiratory mechanisms. ACTH plays a role in acetylcholine release, aggressive behavior, blood pressure, bone maintenance, hyperalgesia, feeding, fever, grooming, learning, lipolysis, memory, nerve injury repair, neuroprotection, sexual behavior, sleep, social behavior, tissue growth and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids. Enkephalins/ACTH are also involved in many pathologies. Enkephalins are implicated in alcoholism, cancer, colitis, depression, heart failure, Huntington\'s disease, influenza A virus infection, ischemia, multiple sclerosis, and stress. ACTH plays a role in Addison\'s disease, alcoholism, cancer, Cushing\'s disease, dermatitis, encephalitis, epilepsy, Graves\' disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, podocytopathies, and stress. In this review, we provide an updated description of the enkephalinergic and ACTH systems.

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Vitamins and Hormones

Título del artículo:

Study of the energy use of biosolids from a chicken slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant

The poultry industry in Colombia faces operational and environmental challenges, one of these is the integration of residual biosolids in other processes, which may generate a direct or indirect benefit within their production. This study shows the results obtained in the anaerobic treatment of the residual biosolid of the wastewater treatment plant of a chicken slaughtering plant; This biosolid is the result of the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation process with ferric chloride, as main coagulant and possible flocculating substances in the process. The anaerobic treatment of biosolids is carried out in a CSTR bioreactor, with a capacity of 10 litres, inside the bioreactor the system is started, and different variables are monitored, such as pH, volatile fatty acids, alkalinity, sulphates, chlorides and chemical oxygen demand, which will determine the transformations of organic matter within the bioreactor, additionally biogas measurements resulting from anaerobic digestion are made, the gases analysed are methane, hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide and oxygen, which determine the quality of the biogas produced, together with the volume produced of biogas with respect to the volume of biosolids deposited in the bioreactor. This seeks to determine the productive capacity of the biosolids, to be stabilized and exploited energetically, considering that biogas is a usable biofuel and the resulting biosolid is a good raw material to produce organic fertilizers, destined to the agricultural production of animal feed.

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Chemical Engineering Transactions

Título del artículo:

Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii among donors in a blood bank in Cúcuta, Colombia

Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii infection affects humans by producing several states of disease according to individual immunity ranging from asymptomatic carriers to severe disease. It is known that multiple mechanisms of transmission are possible including blood transfusions as an alternate route of infection. Little is known about the frequency of T. gondii infection in Colombia\'s blood banks. Objective: To determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in blood donors of a blood bank of Cúcuta by serological and molecular diagnostic. Materials and methods: IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii were determined in serum by immunoassay test from 348 donors. The frequency of T. gondii DNA was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction test (PCR) in whole blood from seropositive donors and interest variables were analyzed with information obtained from surveys during blood donor selection. Results: 134 out of 348 (38.5%) enrolled donors showed IgG antibodies against T. gondii; 2 of them (0.6%) had both IgG and IgM and in 2 out of 134 seropositive donors (1.5%) DNA of the parasite was detected in blood. A bivariate analysis indicated an association between seropositivity to T. gondii and being over 26 years of age (p= 0.020). Conclusions: The prevalence of T. gondii infection found in the blood donors of this study, suggests a significant exposure to the infectious agent that becomes relevant when parasitaemia is detected.

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Biomedica

Título del artículo:

Study of the phytochemical kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) as an anionic coagulant for the treatment of water

The treatment of water by coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, is a highly realized treatment throughout the world, and the most commonly used coagulant substances are aluminum sulphate, aluminum polychloride and ferric chloride; these substances produce a large quantity of sludge with high aluminum and iron salts, the production of these coagulants is carried out by complex chemical reactions, which demand a large amount of natural resources and produce sludge with high concentrations of these metals, and has shown that aluminum is toxic to plants and animals in different ways; This study shows the comparison of efficiencies between aluminum sulphate and a chickpea extract, which shows a very important coagulant activity. The turbidity and color removal efficiency were evaluated using an anionic coagulant obtained from Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) with an isoelectric point at pH of 3,7, its performance being compared with aluminum sulphate, for the treatment of synthetic water. Laboratory-scale synthetic solutions were prepared at initial values of 200 NTU. Parameters such as turbidity, color, pH and conductivity were measured. The Jar test was used to determine the optimal doses of coagulants, using 70, 80, 90 and 100 mg / L doses for the anionic coagulant and 60, 70, 80 and 90 doses of aluminum sulphate mg / l. The highest removal of turbidity and color was for the anionic coagulant with 98% and 94.71% with a dose of 90 mg / L and in the case of aluminum sulphate values of turbidity removal of 97.5% and of Color of 93.94% with the same dose, respectively. For the tests performed values were obtained within the range established by current Colombian legislation. It was concluded that the anionic coagulant can be used as a primary coagulant.

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Chemical Engineering Transactions

Título del artículo:

Acute effects of resistance and concurrent exercise on the lipid profile of postmenopausal women

The postmenopausal condition is characterized by a systematic increase in cardiovascular risk factors, including negative alterations in lipid metabolism. Physical exercise has shown beneficial effects in the regulation of lipemic markers in different populations; however, its effects are not well understood in postmenopausal women.The aim of the study was to determine the effects of resisted exercises (RE), concurrent exercises (CE), compared with a control group (CG) on lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Thirty-two voluntary postmenopausal women were randomly assigned into three groups; one group performed a RE session (n = 11), other group a CE session (n = 11) and control group performed flexibility exercises (n = 10). The basal lipid profile, body composition, muscular fitness were evaluated and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated before the study. The lipid profile was evaluated before, immediately after and 12 hours after the specific exercise session. The results showed that there was no a statistical significant difference among all groups in plasma concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, in any of the evaluation moments (p> 0.05). After 12 hours of exercise session, the CE group decreased more VLDL concentrations than the RE group and control group (p <0.05).The CE group increased significantly HDL concentrations in relation to the ER group (p <0.05).Therefore, it can be concluded that CE had more favorable acute effects on lipid metabolism than ER, prolonging its effect up to 12 hours after being performed in overweight postmenopausal women.

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Archivos de Medicina del Deporte

Título del artículo:

Effectiveness of an educational nursing intervention on caring ability and burden in family caregivers of patients with chronic non-communicable diseases. A preventive randomized controlled clinical trial

Objective. To evaluate the effect of the \"Caring for Caregivers\" program in the caring ability and burden in family caregivers of patients with chronic diseases at health care institutions. Methods. A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 34 relatives of patients with chronic diseases that had cared for them for more than 3 months. Zarit scale was used to measure caregiver burden and the CAI (Caring Ability Inventory) was also used to measure caring ability. An educational intervention was applied based on the \"Caring for Caregivers\" strategy of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Results. Although both groups improved their percentage of unburdened caregivers from the first to the second assessment, the difference between the two assessments was 41.2% in the intervention group whereas it was 11.8% in the control group, being only statistically significant the difference for the intervention group. Regarding the caring ability, no significant changes were identified in both groups. Conclusion. On family caregivers, it was observed that the \"Caring for Caregivers\" intervention had a positive impact on decreasing burden, but not on improving the caring ability.

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Investigacion y Educacion en Enfermeria

Título del artículo:

Instrument to identify personal and didactic characteristics used by teachers in the training of entrepreneurs

The objective of this study was to design an instrument to identify personal and didactic characteristics used by teachers in the training of entrepreneurs. The instrument was validated through a pilot test applied to 52 faculty teachers. The content was validated through the judgment of expert professionals. The reliability of the instrument was estimated using the Cronbach\'s Alpha coefficient. This test reports a reliability of 0.88. Additionally, factorial analysis was performed to verify the dimensionality of the proposed instrument and the item analyzed. The instrument obtains a result of 0.958 for the index Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO). In this way, the percentage of the total variance explained corresponds to 99.88%. The instrument structure was made up by 28 items, using a Likert scale. The data collection instrument presented in this paper provides a tool for the development of programs for entrepreneurship trainers and, consequently, contributes to the development of entrepreneurial attitudes in students, through the teaching practice.

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Formacion Universitaria

Título del artículo:

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from the bursa of Fabricius in broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of sensitivity or resistance of strains of E. coli isolated from asymptomatic broiler chicken against 18 common antibiotics used in poultry and in human medicine. In addition, strains that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) from a farm or slaughterhouses in the poultry area of Santander, Colombia. The circulation of strains resistant to beta-lactams, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones and sulfonamides was determined, as well as antibiotics widely used in other non-farm environments. The content of the bursa of Fabricius was cultivated in McConkey agar obtaining 46 strains of E. coli. Susceptibility tests (n=18) were conducted to the isolated strains, and 91% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin and 80% to cephalosporins. The association of antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors (ampicillin sulbactam and amoxicillin / clavulanic acid) showed 30% resistance. The double disc test was used to evaluate the presence of strains of E. coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) confirming its presence in 63% of the samples. Results showed the presence of E. coli strains in asymptomatic chicken broilers with high antimicrobial resistance, including expression of ESBL.

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Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru

Título del artículo:

Environmental and socioeconomic determinants of leptospirosis incidence in Colombia

Human leptospirosis is an infection that most often affects tropical countries. Since 2007, Colombia requires the notification of disease cases, enabling the observation of an increase in cases in recent years. The objectives of this article were to analyze environmental and socioeconomic variables and to evaluate their relationship with human leptospirosis cases. This is an ecological study on human leptospirosis cases aggregated by municipality and reported between 2007 and 2016. Spatial aggregation assessment was made using the Getis-Ord Gi method, and negative binomial regression was used to evaluate the relationship between environmental and socioeconomic variables with hu-man leptospirosis. During the study period, 9,928 cases of human leptospirosis were reported, and 58.9% of municipalities reported at least one case. Four hotspots of human leptospirosis, including 18 municipalities, were identified. The results of the negative binomial model confirmed the importance of the effects of education, poverty and some climatic variables on the decadal incidence rate of human leptospirosis. Our results confirm the importance of socioeconomic determinants such as social marginality associated with violence and education, as well as ecological variables such as rainfall, height above sea level and forest coverage on the incidence rate of human leptospirosis at municipal scale.

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Cadernos de Saude Publica

Título del artículo:

Analysis of labour market needs for engineers with enhanced knowledge in renewable energy in some European and Latin-American Countries

One of the main challenges related to the renewable energy labour market is that of human capital and as a consequence the educational profile of future employees is of paramount importance. Unfortunately, the skill level gained at University does not always fit with the practical needs of industry thus reducing the benefit-cost ratio of new employees and slowing down the transition to a green economy. Within this context, \'The Crux\' project co-funded by EU under the framework of the Erasmus + programme aims at improving the renewable energy engineering curriculum at different university levels in several Universities of Latin America and Europe. In order to better appreciate the potential impact of the project, a survey on the labour market need for specialists with enhanced knowledge and skills in renewable and sustainable energy technologies has been conducted in the related EU and Latin America countries. More precisely, 60 organizations have been interviewed and almost 70% of them are interested in employing engineers with enhanced knowledge on renewable energy in the next three years. The analysis has shown significant discrepancies between EU and Latin American organizations. In fact, while future employees in EU countries will be mainly related to solar energy and management, the former together with wind and biomass will represent the main renewable energy working sector in Latin American countries. Moreover, MSc level will be the most demanded in EU while bachelor education seems to satisfy the future industry requirements in Latin America. Despite each country having its own needs, the research carried out under this EU project confirms the potential of renewable energy education on the global labour market in the near future.

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Energy Procedia

Título del artículo:

Playing to build city. Bucaramanga and the National Games 1941

This article draws on the National Athletic Games of 1941 made in Bucaramanga and seeks to show how some leaders and members of municipal, departmental administration and locals newspapers extolled this event as the element capable of promoting progress, develop the city, as they say, it had happened in other cities that had organized the event. However, with the passage of time, the lack of administrative and organizational did not stop the games, although this did not prevent the games take place was not possible to achieve than thought to start, carry out a process of urban modernization in the city.

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Bitacora Urbano Territorial

Título del artículo:

Infection dynamics of Cystoisospora suis (Isospora suis) on a pilot swine farm in Carabobo State, Venezuela

A research was done of the infection dynamics of the protozoan parasite Cystoisospora suis in lactating piglets at an intensive swine pilot farm in Venezuela. Over a 12-mo period (September 2015 to August 2016), 480 fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum in piglets in four age groups: 1-7 d (20 %); 8-14 d (47 %); 15-21 d (23 %); and 22-28 d (10 %). Stool samples were cultured in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution and later processed by centrifugation-flotation. Cystoisospora suis was present throughout the study period with a 52.08 % overall average prevalence; values were highest in the second week of life. Meteorological variables (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation) had no effect (P>0.05) on variations in C. suis prevalence. Data from an epidemiological questionnaire were analyzed with a Spearman correlation test, identifying an association (P<0.05) between prevalence and the variables of on-site veterinarian, an intense disinfection protocol and use of 5% Baycox. Regional meteorological conditions are optimal for C. suis sporulation and year round maintenance of oocysts. This coupled with inconsistent control and hygiene protocols at the studied farm favored parasite survival and proliferation.

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Revista Mexicana De Ciencias Pecuarias

Título del artículo:

Joint association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with cardiovascular events and mortality: Prospective cohort study

Objective: To evaluate the joint association of sodium and potassium urinary excretion (as surrogate measures of intake) with cardiovascular events and mortality, in the context of current World Health Organization recommendations for daily intake (<2.0 g sodium, >3.5 g potassium) in adults. Design: International prospective cohort study. Setting: 18 high, middle, and low income countries, sampled from urban and rural communities. Participants: 103 570 people who provided morning fasting urine samples. Main outcome measures: Association of estimated 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion (surrogates for intake) with all cause mortality and major cardiovascular events, using multivariable Cox regression. A six category variable for joint sodium and potassium was generated: sodium excretion (low (<3 g/day), moderate (3-5 g/day), and high (>5 g/day) sodium intakes) by potassium excretion (greater/equal or less than median 2.1 g/day). Results: Mean estimated sodium and potassium urinary excretion were 4.93 g/day and 2.12 g/day, respectively. After a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 7884 (6.1%) participants had died or experienced a major cardiovascular event. Increasing urinary sodium excretion was positively associated with increasing potassium excretion (unadjusted r=0.34), and only 0.002% had a concomitant urinary excretion of <2.0 g/day of sodium and >3.5 g/day of potassium. A J-shaped association was observed of sodium excretion and inverse association of potassium excretion with death and cardiovascular events. For joint sodium and potassium excretion categories, the lowest risk of death and cardiovascular events occurred in the group with moderate sodium excretion (3-5 g/day) and higher potassium excretion (21.9% of cohort). Compared with this reference group, the combinations of low potassium with low sodium excretion (hazard ratio 1.23, 1.11 to 1.37; 7.4% of cohort) and low potassium with high sodium excretion (1.21, 1.11 to 1.32; 13.8% of cohort) were associated with the highest risk, followed by low sodium excretion (1.19, 1.02 to 1.38; 3.3% of cohort) and high sodium excretion (1.10, 1.02 to 1.18; 29.6% of cohort) among those with potassium excretion greater than the median. Higher potassium excretion attenuated the increased cardiovascular risk associated with high sodium excretion (P for interaction=0.007). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the simultaneous target of low sodium intake (<2 g/day) with high potassium intake (>3.5 g/day) is extremely uncommon. Combined moderate sodium intake (3-5 g/day) with high potassium intake is associated with the lowest risk of mortality and cardiovascular events.

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The BMJ

Título del artículo:

Conditions of work and health of the graduated physiotherapists in universities of the Colombian northwest

From the interest of the universities and Professional Associations of Physiotherapists in Colombia, the conditions of work and health of the professionals were determined. A total of 180 physiotherapists graduated from universities in the northeast from Colombia answered an electronic survey. The findings showed the need to strengthen the advanced training, the professional associations and the political exercise of the physiotherapists at national level, both public and private decision-making areas, trying to strengthen the professional recognition.

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Espacios

Título del artículo:

Progressing rehabilitation after injury: Consider the \' control-chaos continuum\'

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British Journal of Sports Medicine

Título del artículo:

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle and sheep in three municipalities in the Colombian Northeastern Mountain

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in cattle and sheep from three municipalities in the Colombian Northeastern Mountain. Materials and Methods: Overall, 200 fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum in cattle and sheep. The presence of helminths eggs and coccidial oocysts in fecal samples was detected using McMaster and Dennis techniques. Identification of eggs or oocysts was done on the basis of morphology and size of the eggs or oocysts. Results: The global prevalence of GI parasites was 56.3%. Regarding the prevalence by municipalities, there was no statistical association (p>0.05), indicating that the prevalence was similar in the three municipalities. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in sheep (63%) as compared to that of cattle (50.5%), but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). The most prevalent parasites were Eimeria spp., Fasciola hepatica, and Strongylida order. Regarding the results for Eimeria spp., different degrees of positivity were observed, but there was no statistical association (p>0.05) with respect to the age group. Likewise, there was no statistical association (p>0.05) between the prevalence for Strongylida order and F. hepatica with respect to the age group. Conclusion: Cattle and sheep in Colombian Northeastern Mountain were infected with helminths and coccidia. The prevalence values of GI parasites were moderate in both species warranting treatment. The presence of F. hepatica represents a risk factor to health public. Future studies are required to evaluate the parasitic dynamics throughout the year and the impact on animal production.

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Veterinary World

Título del artículo:

Analysis of the intellectual structure and evolution of research in human-computer interaction: A bibliometric analysis

Bibliometrics is the application of quantitative models and methods for the understanding of research disciplines. The main concepts that are applied within the development of this type of analysis are associated to the analysis of networks and include the links, number of links and force of link within the networks of co-occurrence, co-citation, co-authorship and bibliographic links. Under these concepts and in order to visualize the evolution of human-computer interaction (HCI), a bibliometric analysis of the published literature is developed in order to know the characteristics of this body of knowledge and its development over time, understanding the evolution and trends within the research disciplines requires the combination of methods and tools that guarantee equality and replicability within these exercises. In that context, this article implements analysis is based on a systematic and exhaustive search strategy of the evolution of the HCI literature, using a combination of quantitative methods, which includes a quality analysis for the delimitation of the simple analysis of the identified publications.

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RISTI - Revista Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao

Título del artículo:

Acute effect of moderate-intensity exercise on spirometric variables in broncodilated asthmatic subjects. A pilot study

Background: Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm (BIE) occurs in 70 % to 80 % of asthmatics and its occurrence is more frequent at the end of a session of physical exercise, mainly of vigorous intensity. Objective: To evaluate the acute effect of moderate-intensity physical exercise on spirometric variables in asthmatic subjects. Methodology: A before-and-after type quasi-experi-mental design. Ten subjects were included (mean age = 23 ± 4 years), which were divided into two groups: five asthmatic subjects and five healthy subjects. Both groups performed 10 min of warm-up, 20 min of treadmill exercise at an intensity of 60 % of the Heart Rate Reserve, and a final cool-down of 5 minutes. Lung function was assessed before and 15 minutes after exercise. Results: There were statistically significant differences between groups (with asthma = 6 % vs. without asthma =-1 %, p = 0.03) in the pre-post-exercise changes of the ratio of the forced expiratory volume in one second and the forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). The multivariate analysis showed that post-exercise FVC in subjects with asthma was significantly lower than in subjects without asthma, after adjusting for the baseline assessment and total body mass. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity exercise on a treadmill did not shows clinically significant differences on the changes pre-post exercise of the studied spirometric variables, since the changes on FEV1 or FVC did not exceed 10 % having as reference the baseline evaluation.

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Iatreia

Título del artículo:

Strengthening of reading competence in students that are accompanied by the «Todos a Aprender» program in a Virtual Learning Environment

It is report research of a graduated of Master\'s Degree in Education at University of Caldas, advised by a professor of the research group GRAVATE of the Virtual Campus at University of Santander, obtaining meritorious distinction by the jury. The quasiexperimental research \"Virtual classroom in a Moodle environment to strengthen the reading competence of fifth grade students\", showed significant improvement in the reading competence in students that are accompanied by the \"Todos a Aprender\" program.

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Espacios

Título del artículo:

Fixed-dose combination pharmacologic therapy to improve hypertension control worldwide: Clinical perspective and policy implications

Acerca de la revista donde se publicó este artículo:

Journal of Clinical Hypertension

Título del artículo:

In vitro susceptibility of Microsporum spp. and mammalian cells to Eugenia caryophyllus essential oil, eugenol and semisynthetic derivatives

Background: Microsporum spp. are keratinophilic dermatophytes that mainly invade the stratum corneum of the skin and hair causing clinical symptoms associated with tinea. Its treatment has several limitations, and the search for new active molecules is necessary. Objective: To evaluate the antifungal and cytotoxic potential of Eugenia caryophyllus essential oil (EO), eugenol, isoeugenol and methylisoeugenol against Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and Vero cells. Methods: The EO was extracted by conventional heating-assisted hydrodistillation, the eugenol obtained commercially and the derivatives through Williamson synthesis. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs), minimum fungicidal concentration, inhibition of radial mycelial growth and germination inhibition were used to evaluate the antifungal activity. In addition, a colorimetric test was conducted to evaluate cytotoxic activity. Results: MIC and MFC values for all compounds were 62.5-500 μg/mL for both of the species of Microsporum evaluated. Also, concentrations of 300 μg/mL of the compounds inhibited 100% of M. canis mycelium. The inhibition of germination was observed after 6 hours of treatment (11.86 ± 3.46-85.31 ± 0%). No cytotoxicity was observed in Vero cells (CC50 > 105 μg/mL), whereas terbinafine showed CC50 31.00 ± 0.61 μg/mL. Conclusions: Our study indicates an interesting bioactivity of isoeugenol and methylisoeugenol against M. canis, M. gypseum and mammalian cells.

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Mycoses

Título del artículo:

Factors associated with delirium in critical patients in a health institution in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Objective: To determine the incidence and the factors associated with delirium in intensive care unit patients. Methods: A cohort study conducted on 134 patients in the intensive care unit at a clinic in Bucaramanga, Colombia., who were recruited in the first 24 hours following admission and on whom the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), PRE-DELIRIC version in Spanish, and Confusion Assessment method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) were applied; the outcome was evaluated through daily monitoring with CAM-ICU. Results: The incidence of delirium was 20.2%, the predominating type was hypoactive at 66.7%, followed by the hyperactive type at 7.4% and mixed at 25.9%. Fifty-two percent of the patients with delirium died. In the bivariate analysis, the use of sedatives (Relative Risk(RR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.2-4.5), infection (RR = 2. 8, 95% CI=1.3-5.9), metabolic acidosis (RR = 4 3, 95% CI=2.3-8.0), mechanical ventilation (RR = 4 6, 95% CI=2.0-10.6), aged over 60 years (RR = 2 3, 95% CI=1.09-5.3) and APACHE score greater than 14 (RR = 3. 0) (95% CI=1.1-8.2) were identified as risk factors for delirium. The multivariate analysis only found a relationship with infection (RR = 3 8, 95% CI=1.6-9.1) and being aged over 60 years (RR = 3 2, 95% CI 1.2-8.3). Conclusions: delirium is frequent in patients in the intensive care unit, especially the hypoactive type. Half of the patients with delirium died. The main risk factors for delirium are infection and being over 60 years age, therefore, delirium prevention activities should focus on these critical patients.

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Enfermeria Intensiva

Título del artículo:

Obesity and Preeclampsia: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Preeclampsia is a disorder specific of the human being that appears after 20 weeks of pregnancy, characterized by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria. Abnormal placentation and reduced placental perfusion associated to impaired trophoblast invasion and alteration in the compliance of uterine spiral arteries are the early pathological findings that are present before the clinical manifestations of preeclampsia. Later on, the endothelial and vascular dysfunction responsible of the characteristic vasoconstriction of preeclampsia appear. Different nutritional risk factors such as a maternal deficit in the intake of calcium, protein, vitamins and essential fatty acids, have been shown to play a role in the genesis of preeclampsia, but also an excess of weight gain during pregnancy or a pre-pregnancy state of obesity and overweight, which are associated to hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance and maternal systemic inflammation, are proposed as one of the mechanism that conduce to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, proteinuria, thrombotic responses, multi-organ damage, and high maternal mortality and morbidity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that pregnant women that suffer preeclampsia will have an increased risk of future cardiovascular disease and related mortality in their later life. In this article we will discuss the results of studies performed in different populations that have shown an interrelationship between obesity and overweight with the presence of preeclampsia. Moreover, we will review some of the common mechanisms that explain this interrelationship, particularly the alterations in the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway as a crucial mechanism that is common to obesity, preeclampsia and cardiovascular diseases.

Acerca de la revista donde se publicó este artículo:

Frontiers in Physiology