Título del artículo:

Analysis of the running pattern on artificial and natural surface in adolescent football players

Introduction: There is little evidence that details the behavior of each spatio-temporal variable of the running pattern using different surfaces. Objective: To compare the spatio-temporal variables of the running pattern over two surfaces in adolescent soccer players. Method: A cross-sectional study involving 18 male soccer players was conducted (median [Me] age = 12 years; Interquartile range [IQR] 12-13). Speed, acceleration, contact time (Ct), fligihttime (Ft), contact phase, support phase, propulsion, stride, and cadence were evaluated through a 5-meter long optical measurement system. The assessments were initially carried out in an Artificial Surface (AS) and 24 hours later in a Natural Surface (NS). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data and the Spearman correlation coefficient were used. Results: The support phase was greater in AS than NS (NS: Me = 0.05 IQR: 0.03; 0.06; AS: Me = 0.09 IQR 0.08; 0.10; p <0.001). The Ft (NS: Me=0.16 IQR: 0.14; 0.19; AS: Me = 0.04 IQR: 0.04; 0.05; p <0.001), the contact phase (NS: Me = 0.02 IQR: 0.02; 0.03; AS: Me = 0.02 IQR: 0.01; 0.02; p = 0.040) and propulsion (NS: Me = 0.14 IQR: 0.09; 0.17; AS: Me = 0.07 IQR: 0.06; 0.09; p = <0.001) were greater in NS than AS. An indirect relationship between speed and contact phase in NS was found. The Ft and the stride were indirectly associated with acceleration in AS. Conclusion: The running pattern varies according to the surface used. The contact phase can explain the speed in the NS; while the Ft and the stride can explain the acceleration in AS.

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Retos

Título del artículo:

Ontogeny of sporangia and sporogenesis of the fern phymatosorus scolopendria (Polypodiaceae)

Introduction: Research about the ontogeny of sori, sporangia, receptacular paraphyses and sporogenesis of leptosporangiate ferns are scarce in the scientific literature. Objectives: To describe and ana-lyze the ontogeny of sori, sporangia, receptacular paraphyses and sporogenesis of Phymatosorus scolopendria. Methods: Fertile fronds of P. scolopendria were collected in the campus of the Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia, during the months March and May (annual rain season) of 2017. The fertile fronds of the samples at different developmental stages were fixed and processed according to the standard protocols for embedding and sectioning in paraffin and resin. Sections of 0.5 µm obtained in resin were stained with Toluidine blue, which differentially stains primary and secondary walls, highlights the cell nucleus and spo-ropolenin and secondarily stains polyphenols. For detailed descriptions, additional sections were processed with Safranin-Alcian blue, allowing the distinction of components of primary and secondary walls, nuclei, cuticle and polyphenols; Hematoxylin-Alcian blue to enhance nuclei and primary walls and Phloroglucinol-HCl for lignin. Observations and photographic records were done with a photonic microscope. For the observations and descriptions with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the sori were dehydrated with 2,2-dimethoxypropane, critical point dried and coated with gold. Results: The sori are exindusiate, superficial, vascularized and have mixed development; they are associated with uniseriate and multicellular receptacle paraphyses. During the development of the sori, the epidermal cells of the receptacle that will form the sporangia are the first differenti-ated followed by those forming the receptacle paraphyses. The sporangium is leptosporangiate, with long stalks formed by one or two cell rows. The annulus of the sporangia displays secondary walls with U-shaped thicken-ings rich in lignin. The meiosis is simultaneous and the spore tetrads are arranged in a decussate or tetragonal shape. The cellular tapetum is initially unistratified but becomes bistratified after a periclinal division. The cells of the internal strata of the cellular tapetum loose structural integrity giving rise to a plasmodial tapetum that invades the meiotic sporocytes. During the sporoderm development, the sporopollenin-composed exospore is the first formed followed by the endospore, composed by cellulose, pectin and carboxylated polysaccharides; the process ends with the perispore. Polyphenols were mainly detected on vacuoles in cells of the sporangium, paraphysis and receptacle. When the time comes for the spore maturation, the remnants of cellular and the plasmodial tapeta have fully degenerated. Abundant orbicles are seen near the spores in the sporangial cavity. Conclusions: The ontogeny of the sporangia and sporogenesis of P. scolopendria are similar to the previously described for leptosporangiate ferns. Furthermore, in P. scolopendria, the receptacle paraphyses of the sori have a role protecting the sporangium during the early development stages.

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Revista de Biologia Tropical

Título del artículo:

Relationship among the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, systemic inflammation, and anisocytosis: A plausible pathophysiological mechanism of a novel cardiovascular risk marker

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Kardiologia Polska

Título del artículo:

Correlational study about physical activity and sedentary behaviour in hikers from bucaramanga, Colombia

Introduction: physical inactivity is a behavioral risk factor that is defined as the realization of less than 150 moderate intensity physical activity per week, oh the other hand, sedentary behavior has to do with the time a person spend sitting or lying down. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between physical activity levels, in each domain, and the sedentary behavior of hikers from Bucaramanga, and its metropolitan area. Methods: correlational study carried out in 170 hikers from Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. Variables were analyzed using central tendencies measures or frequencies according to its nature. U - Mann-Whitney test was utilized to establish differences statistically significant between categorical and continuous variables of interest. Pearson coefficient was calculated to establish a possible correlation between variables of interest. Significant level was of p ≤ 0.05 Results: a non-existent prevalence of physical inactivity was registered in hikers. No differences statistically significant were found when analyzing physical activity medians in each domain according to sex. Free time was the domain in which participants reported more physical activity. A negative correlation was established between sedentary behavior and the quantity of physical activity and weekly energy expenditure. Conclusions: All hikers interviewed are physically active and widely fulfill WHO recommendations on physical activity for health, besides, participants reported low levels of sedentary behavior. A negative correlation was stablished between sedentary behavior and the quantity of physical activity and weekly energy expenditure.

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Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomedicas

Título del artículo:

What have we researched about HIV infection in Colombia? A bibliometric review 1983-2018

Objective: Our objective was to quantitatively describe the research on HIV infection carried out in Colombia. Materials and methods: A bibliometric review of all studies that included people infected or affected by HIV between January 1, 1983, and August 31, 2018, was performed. Results: 587 studies were identified. Most were descriptive studies. There are a lower number of studies in the fields of prevention, education and public health. Most of the published studies were carried out in 3 departments. 72% were published in Q3, Q4 or unclassified journals. Discussion: The research performed has given priority to the description of figures and is not enough to understand and know how to treat factors like late diagÂnosis, the stigma and the prevention of the disease. Conclusion: There does not seem to be a national strategy to define the research needs. There is a low dissemination of the results and a low cover of the research in the country.

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Infectio

Título del artículo:

Design and simulation of anaerobic bioreactor, for the energetic use of the residual mud of the Wastewater treatment plant of a chicken slaughterhouse

The poultry industry has the most formal employment in the region of Santander, Colombia and presents different challenges, especially in the energy part, because the prices of energy and fuels have high prices; In addition to this, it is a generator of residual sludge, especially in the processes of slaughtering birds for national consumption and export. This study shows the possibilities of the energetic use of residual sludge, by means of the implementation of an anaerobic bioreactor, which can generate biogas with high concentrations of methane, which can be used in boilers and other industrial uses. This study analyses the flow of waste sludge from a slaughterhouse of chickens in the Bucaramanga metropolitan area, which slaughters sixty thousand chickens a day and has a wastewater treatment plant that operates with coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtering using ferric chloride; According to the sludge flow, the bioreactor is designed and an operative simulation is made with the LabVIEW software, which allows to determine all the electronic control devices of the bioreactor, which will allow to maintain a constant temperature, a control on the income and expenses of the bioreactor and an operation very similar to reality, taking into account that this residual sludge has already been characterized and tested in a laboratory pilot reactor at the University of Santander. This work deals with the implementation of an exploitation of biogas, derived from the microbiological activity of anaerobic microorganisms, to supply part of the fuel necessary for chicken slaughtering operations, besides this is a technological option for this industrial sector. The entire food industry in Santander, Colombia, has problems with sludge from wastewater treatment plants, but the use of this biologically derived fuel as part of its energy consumption has not been seriously explored. The methodology addressed gives us a clear vision of the true possibilities of the use of biogas in Colombia, because if you have different sources, but have not implemented plants that produce biogas for industrial use.

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Chemical Engineering Transactions

Título del artículo:

Evaluation of the removal of COD and BOD in wastewater from bus washing using coagulation, flocculation and aerobic biological treatment

Wastewater treatment is a complex task, especially when it is understood that it is used for multiple uses; one of the uses in which a large number of pollutants are used is for washing cars, especially buses and trucks use a large amount of solvents, detergents and soaps of different compositions, which are difficult to remove from water, especially because they act as emulsifiers between substances not soluble in water and the water that dissolves and eliminates them together with the internal and external dirt of buses and trucks. In Colombia, the implementation of a standard that has made the amount of contamination, that residual water can carry is more restrictive, before being poured into a sewer collection pipe, this is evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (DQO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5), these parameters define the quality of the water to be collected. The University of Santander provides scientific and technical consultancy services to the community of companies in the Santander region and the company PARBER is a local consultant, which is in search of solutions for the environmental problems of the wastewater from the laundries of cars, for this study agreements were made between the parties to search for wastewater treatment systems, which can be used by car wash industrialists and to be able to comply with the standards established in the new legislation; For this purpose, a sampling methodology for wastewater, jar tests and a water aeration device were developed that simulate the processes consecutively and also independently, to determine the capacity of removal of COD and BOD5 from wastewater.; the scenario used was a car wash, which is a client of Industrias PARBER, which facilitated the tributary water for all the tests and also provided its facilities for the assembly of a prototype of aeration, to perform the aerobic biological treatment test; composite samples of 4 hours of laundry were taken, which has a 24-hour service, with higher flow rates in the morning hours, in which the analyzed samples were taken; the analyzes were carried out in the water laboratory of the University of Santander, to determine the degree of contamination, also jars tests were performed, to simulate the operations of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, as part of the possible treatment to be applied to the waters residuals of the laundry of cars.

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Chemical Engineering Transactions

Título del artículo:

Antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from the medicinal plants Mammea americana (Calophyllaceae) and Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae)

Introduction: Infectious diseases represent one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Considering the growing global challenge of antimicrobial resistance, research into new sources of potentially effective antimicrobial agents from natural origins is of great importance for world health. Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Mammea americana and Moringa oleifera upon Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), S. aureus (resistant strain USb003), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and E. coli (resistant strain USb007). Materials and methods: We isolated endophytic fungi from the leaves, seeds, and stems of the two plants under study. We evaluated their antimicrobial activity through the formation of sensitivity haloes in dual tests in vitro, as well as in trials using crude ethanolic extracts from the endophytes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and cytotoxicity o the substances were analyzed. Results: Three ethanolic extracts of Penicillium sp., Cladosporium (001), and Cladosporium (002) exhibited the greatest inhibition halos in sensitive and resistant strains of E. coli and S. aureus. The MIC and CBM found were statistically significant (p≤0.05) compared with the gentamicin control. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity test results of CC50>1,000 demonstrated that the endophytic fungi studied exhibit bactericidal characteristics without causing unintended damage. Conclusion: The endophytic fungi M. oleifera and M. americana represent a source of active secondary metabolites with antimicrobial and non-toxic properties. In light of these findings, further research should proceed with chemical identification of the compounds and the study of their mechanisms of action, especially given the paucity of current scientific knowledge concerning the isolation of endophytes in these plants.

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Biomedica

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Biodegradation of dairy wastes using crude enzymatic extract of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 9773

Effluents generated by the food industry have become a serious environmental concern. Bioremediation is a biological process developed as an alternative for the treatment of contaminated areas. In current research, the biodegradation of fat, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and total solids were evaluated in dairy waste employing enzymatic extract of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 9773 as biological agents. All the variables were determined following the specifications of the Standard Methods of the American Water Works Association. Enzymatic extract of Y. lipolytica at different concentrations (8, 12 and 16.0%) was used in a fermentative medium at two pHs (5.0 and 6.5) for 32 h. The highest percentages (%) of fat (82.88), BOD (43.32), COD (44.3) and total solids (13.58) removal were obtained using an inoculum concentration of 16% at pH 5.0 for 32 h of fermentation. These results may have industrial relevance for the reduction of contamination of industrial effluents with high levels of fat and other contaminants.

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Revista Ambiente e Agua

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Softepigen: Primers Design Web-Based Tool for MS-HRM Technique

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based techniques for DNA methylation techniques includes the MS-HRM technique. Methylation Sensitive High-Resolution Melting (MS-HRM) primer-design requires a set of necessary recommendations for such DNA methylation assessment. However, there were not any available software that allows an automatic design of this kind primers. We present Softepigen, the first complete MS-HRM primer design software. Softepigen allows to search for primers in a genomic region following Wojdacz\'s recommendations and targets primer binding regions with high linguistic complexity sequences that increase the specificity of the converted sequence of the human genome. We performed in-silico PCR analysis through BiSearch ePCR tool to validate the specificity of the of the primers designed using Softepigen. Softepigen for MS-HRM performance in our genomic regions of interest show satisfactory specificity measurements, and we implemented it for freely available use in the web-based interface at www.soft-epigen.com.

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IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics

Título del artículo:

Will the new figures from the AHA/ACC guidelines on the definition and treatment of hypertension in Latin America have an impact?

Given the fact that new guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) propose important changes in the definition of hypertension, from equal or greater than 140/90 mmHg to equal or greater than 130/80 mmHg, major debate has been generated about the diagnostic criteria and the treatment of high blood pressure (HBP). In addition, these guidelines recommend that in order to achieve control of hypertension the goal should be a reading lower than 130/80 mmHg. These new figures will significantly increase the amount of individuals considered hypertensive, some of whom will need more medication to achieve the new goal. This paradigm has led to questioning the goal\'s clinical applicability given the enormous financial burden that would result from treating millions of new hypertensive patients. The academic validity of the AHA-ACC guidelines has also been questioned given the fact that the recommendations emerged basically from results obtained from a single study with important methodological differences compared to the majority of studies carried out previously. Furthermore, its outcomes are inconsistent with those of previous studies. This conflict has led to some scientific institutions, such as the Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH), continuing to adhere to the previous recommendations.

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Hipertension y Riesgo Vascular

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Prevalence and risk factors associated with liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in cattle and sheep in three municipalities in the Colombian Northeastern Mountains

Fasciola hepatica is a parasitic trematode of worldwide distribution, which affects cattle and a large number of mammals, including man. An investigation was carried out to the Colombian Northeastern Mountain between October 2017 and February 2018 with the aim to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Fasciola hepatica. Thirty-four farms whose owners agreed to participate in the study were included. Overall, 103 bovines and 97 sheep were examined. A fecal and blood sample was collected from each animal, and all the samples were identified and stored in a refrigerated box to be transported to the Parasitology laboratory for analysis. Fecal samples were processed with a coprological technique, and blood by ELISA test. A written epidemiological survey was applied on all farms. The results indicate 20.5% of coprological prevalence and 41.5% of seroprevalence (SP). Evidence of the parasite was demonstrated in the three municipalities; however, statistical differences were found (P <. 05), with higher seropositivity in Duitama municipality (SP = 83.3%). Regarding risk factor, pure breeds of cattle showed 2.5 (SP = 56.1, OR = 2.5) times higher of infection than crossed breed. Cattle and sheep from 12 to 24 months of age, showed 2.5 (SP = 66.7%, OR = 2.5) and 5.9 times (SP = 44.2%, OR = 5.9), respectively, increased infection risk. The presence of snails on the farms had higher odds for testing F. hepatica-positive, therefore, showed to be an important risk factor. The presence of antibodies against F. hepatica in cattle and sheep from the region under study suggests it is endemic and should be controlled by control and prevention programs in the farms.

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Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports

Título del artículo:

First report of myiasis in dogs caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel 1858) in Colombia

This paper reports for the first time in Colombia, two myasis cases caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in stray dogs. Clinical examination of both patients revealed fever and a large wound at the palpebral level on the right side, and multiple perforating wounds in the right posterior limb where larvae were found. The treatment applied was the manual removal of larvae in the dogs, and subsequent eye enucleation in one dog due to the total loss of the upper right eyelid and the severe mechanical damage that the cornea received. Treatment was reinforced with repellents applied around the wounds and antibiotics. This finding of Cochliomyia hominivorax in stray dogs in Colombia raises concerns about the potential of dogs serving as a reservoir for human infection in the region.

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Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports

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Lancet Commission on Hypertension group position statement on the global improvement of accuracy standards for devices that measure blood pressure

The Lancet Commission on Hypertension identified that a key action to address the worldwide burden of high blood pressure (BP) was to improve the quality of BP measurements by using BP devices that have been validated for accuracy. Currently, there are over 3000 commercially available BP devices, but many do not have published data on accuracy testing according to established scientific standards. This problem is enabled through weak or absent regulations that allow clearance of devices for commercial use without formal validation. In addition, new BP technologies have emerged (e.g. cuffless sensors) for which there is no scientific consensus regarding BP measurement accuracy standards. Altogether, these issues contribute to the widespread availability of clinic and home BP devices with limited or uncertain accuracy, leading to inappropriate hypertension diagnosis, management and drug treatment on a global scale. The most significant problems relating to the accuracy of BP devices can be resolved by the regulatory requirement for mandatory independent validation of BP devices according to the universally-accepted International Organisation for Standardization Standard. This is a primary recommendation for which there is an urgent international need. Other key recommendations are development of validation standards specifically for new BP technologies and online lists of accurate devices that are accessible to consumers and health professionals. Recommendations are aligned with WHO policies on medical devices and universal healthcare. Adherence to recommendations would increase the global availability of accurate BP devices and result in better diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, thus decreasing the worldwide burden from high BP.

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Journal of Hypertension

Título del artículo:

Measurement, monitoring and knowledge of blood pressure: May Measurement Month, Colombia 2017

Aim: To describe the findings of implementing May Measurement Month 2017 in the adult Colombian population to raise awareness of the importance of blood pressure measuring, monitoring, and awareness. Materials and methods: May Measurement Month is a cross-sectional survey that follows the directives of the International Society of Hypertension and the World Hypertension League, which gathers information on cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure readings. Its implementation in Colombia was lead by the Santander Ophthalmological Foundation (FOSCAL) and the Latin American Society of Hypertension (LASH) with the support of the Colombian Network for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes (RECARDI). Results: Data was collected from 11 departments on 21,797 people, 58.7% of whom were female, with an average age of 40.5 ± 17.7 years. The overall prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) was 20.8% (self-reported antihypertensive treatment or systolic blood pressure reading [systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg]). Of the total number of hypertensives, 46.5% had systolic blood pressure readings classified as uncontrolled (systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg), and 26.4% were unaware that they were hypertensive who, in this report, we consider to be new cases of HBP. Conclusion: The prevalence of (elevated) blood pressure is high in this young adult population, whose lack of awareness of HBP is also high, and HBP in those aware of their condition is poorly controlled. These results highlight the need to implement effective detection programmes for hypertensive patients and to establish standardised treatments to improve HBP control as a strategy to reduce cardiovascular events.

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Hipertension y Riesgo Vascular

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Infographic. Progressing rehabilitation after injury: Consider the \'control-chaos continuum\'

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British Journal of Sports Medicine

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Effect of glyphosate on microbiota, soil quality and biofortified bean crop in Codazzi, department of Cesar, Colombia

Strategies aimed at achieving food safety in crops of high nutritional value should be carried out through sustainable agricultural practices aimed at soil conservation, high yield and food safety. This latter characteristic implies food production without detectable traces of agrochemicals that threaten health. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the herbicide glyphosate on the chemical and biological fertility of the soil and to determine its residual activity on biofortified bean seeds in Codazzi, Department of Cesar, Colombia. The method included a correlational analysis of soil quality, crop yield and residuality in bean grains. The treatments included glyphosate application and synthetic and natural mulches, compared to manual control. The results showed differences in the response of chemical, microbiological and yield indicators between treatments and the initial conditions of the bean rhizosphere. The use of the herbicide glyphosate in mulch-free soil generates yield losses of 29% associated with a higher incidence of pests and fungal diseases; in all treatments, no glyphosate residuality was detected in seeds; however, residuality was detected in other molecules derived from insecticides associated with the local production system. In conclusion, in plots with high weed pressure by Cyperus rotundus, the use of mulch is recommended as an alternative to maintain bean productivity over time; by offering protection against the effect of the herbicide on both the root system of the plant and the soil microbiota of the biofortified bean crop.

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Revista Argentina de Microbiologia

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Design and content validity verification of an instrument to evaluate access to hospital infrastructure in Colombia

The present study determined the content validity of an instrument to assess Colombian health institutions physical access. The questionnaire was designed by the authors of the study, based on the Colombian Technical Standard of Accessibility to the Physical Environment 6047 framework. The content validity was carried out by six experts. To the score the content validity, the researchers designed a qualification template, and calculated a content validity index dividing the relevance and pertinence score of each item/question by the number of experts who evaluated the question. Based on methodological recommendations from the literature, items with content validity index ≤ 0.78 were eliminated from the questionnaire or modified in their wording in accordance with the recommendations of the expert reviewers. The content validity index of the scale was found to be excellent (0.95). In total, 2 questions were eliminated due to their low relevance index (≤ 0.78). The final questionnaire has 69 questions. The importance of determining the validity of the scale in the present study, lies in the fact that a firm scientific basis must be constructed to verify whether such an instrument accurately measures reality.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Título del artículo:

Technology and mathematics as a cognitive component

The objective of the study was to analyze the technological impact and cognitive attributes of technology for the construction of meaningful learning of mathematics students at Universities in Ecuador and Colombia. The sample was non-probability, with the participation of 1124 students. A mixed study of sequential explanatory design was applied. In the quantitative phase, correlational method, were applying a digital questionnaire, the data were analyzed through multiple regression and statistical analysis of nested variance to two variables demonstrating the need to implement mathematical software. In the qualitative phase, the mathematical software Wiris and Geogrebra were implemented and results merged by the contrasting method. The conclusions demonstrate the impact of digital connectivity, distinguishing technology as a cognitive component through dynamic knowledge. The method was effective to the development of logical analytic thinking; boosted the activity of the right limbic lobe.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series

Título del artículo:

Polymorphism rs4998 of the ADRB3 gene and its relationship with the body mass index

Introduction: At 2007 in Colombia it was estimated that a portion 56 % from the adult population was obese, a condition that is considered a public health problem with implications in the development of coronary heart disease. Objective: Determine the distribution of allelic and genotypic frequencies and the relation of the polymorphism rs4998 of the ADRB3 gene with the Body Mass Index in a population of teachers and administrators of an university institution in Colombia. Methods: DNA extraction was carried out by a commercial method, for specific DNA amplification, specific primers not labeled with fluorochromes were used, fragments obtained were purified by SAP and EXOSAP enzymes, and finally minisequencing was performed in the ABI PRISM 310 and later electropherogram reading. The analysis of the sociodemographic variables was performed using univariate methods and bivariate methods using significance tests such as: Pearson’s Chi2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Logistic models were used to evaluate association. Results: The genotype frequencies found were 0.96 GG, 0.014 CG and 0.020 CC. The allele frequencies were 0.027 C and 0.973 G. The sample was found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with Chi2 = 81.153 (1) (p = 0.000) and the population structure was calculated by means of the Fst test = 0.743. Discussion: Finding the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, indicates that individuals were mixed randomly. The coefficient of inbreeding or statistical Fst, is very close to one, which indicates that the population has a high structure or genetic differentiation and there is fixation of the mutated allele G. This could obtain false associations with the pathology of interest. Conclusion: The frequencies obtained in this study do not fit the proposed gene models for association studies, therefore, it is recommended to increase the sample size for future researches or to propose case-control studies.

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Nutricion Clinica y Dietetica Hospitalaria

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Survey of knowledge for diagnosing and managing prediabetes in Latin-America: Cross-sectional study

Background: Prediabetes has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite the clinical importance of prediabetes, little is known about the level of knowledge, beliefs and barriers to screening and treating prediabetes amongst care health providers in Latin America. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate the knowledge and beliefs about prediabetes amongst in Latin American health care providers. Methodology: In a cross-sectional study, we adapted the written survey designed by the Johns Hopkins University group, and applied it to health care providers across Latin America during three meetings, in 2017, and with physicians from primary care centers in Bucaramanga, Colombia convened in 2017. The survey consisted of questions under four headings, diabetes screening, management of prediabetes, pharmacological treatment - metformin use, and demographic information. We perform a descriptive analysis to determine the differences in responses between different medical specialties. Results: The majority of the care providers that answered the survey were Colombian physicians, 54.5% of respondents had 10 years or more since completing their training and more women responded. Only 9.5% identified the 12 prediabetes risk factors described in the literature. The most common risk factor identified was a family history of diabetes, followed by overweight, a sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia, while ethnicity was the risk factor least commonly. 47.1% answered that laboratory tests to detect prediabetes are fasting glucose and HbA1C, 82.5% correctly identified fasting plasma glucose as the best test, 35.9% correctly responded that to the recommended weight loss goal is 5 to 7% and 49.1% that 150 min is considered the minimum level of physical activity per week. 78% agreed that the identification and treatment of prediabetes is important. 56% believed that patients with prediabetes progress more rapidly to diabetes and 40.6% considered that metformin could reduce the risk of diabetes in patients already diagnosed with prediabetes. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that there are important gaps in the knowledge of the diagnosis, clinical implications and management of prediabetes amongst Latin America health providers.

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Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome

Título del artículo:

Use of clinical prediction rules in children with traumatic brain injury in emergency departments in Colombia

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate how pediatricians in emergency departments in Bogotá, Colombia use clinical prediction rules in traumatic brain injury (TBI), by. Material and methods: This was a survey applied to 80 pediatricians assigned to five pediatric emergency departments. Participants were invited via email. Under informed consent, a virtual questionnaire consisting of 12 questions was applied between November 2018 and February 2019. Results: Of the total, 62.5% said they used any of the rules or clinical algorithm. Not aware of these guidelines was the most frequent reason for not to use them. It was noted that there is no well-defined criteria for deciding performing tomography skull in mild TBI. Conclusion: Strengthen education seems necessary to unify the medical decisions around the TBI in children, in order to improve the quality of care and costs.

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Revista Mexicana de Pediatria

Título del artículo:

Obstructive uropathy in canine: Clinical case report

The present study shows the case of a 7-year-old male canine who was admitted to the veterinary clinic «Vet Center», Bucaramanga, Colombia, for an alleged poisoning picture. The patient showed signs of depression, dysuria, strangury, haematuria and vomiting. Haematological assessment and urinalysis revealed a picture of dehydration and urinary infection. Blood chemistry showed insufficiency and postrenal azotemia, and the ultrasound examination showed the presence of a urolith and urinary bladder repletion, confirming the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy. For the stabilization of the patient, a Nelaton urinary catheter was placed to empty the bladder and hydro propulsion was done. Besides, maintenance intravenous solutions with 0.9% NaCl, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory were prescribed. Finally, cystotomy was performed to remove the urolith, in addition to a urethrostomy due to the recurrence of the obstruction.

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Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Peru

Título del artículo:

Ontogeny and histochemistry of sporangia and receptacle scales of the epiphytic fern pleopeltis Macrocarpa (Polypodiaceae)

Introduction: The ontogeny of sporangia and furthermore the struc­ture and function of the receptacle scales showed by the sori of some fern species are topics scarcely represented in the scientific literature. Objectives: To describe and analyze the ontogeny of sporangia and receptacle scales of Pleopeltis macrocarpa. Methods: During March and April of 2017, fertile fronds of P. macrocarpa were collected from tree stems located in the plant nursery “El Edén de las flores”, municipality of Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia. The samples were fixed and processed according to the standard protocols for embedding and sectioning in paraffin and resin. Sections obtained in resin (0.5 μm) were stained with Toluidine blue. The additional descriptions of the anatomy and histochemistry required specific reagents, applied for the determination of primary walls, secondary walls, nuclei, lignin, polyphenols, polysaccharides, pectic substances and cellulose. The observations and photographic records were performed by photonic and epifluorescence microscopy. For the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique, the sori were dehydrated with 2,2- Dimethoxypropane, dried to critical point and coated with gold. Results: The sori are superficial, vascularized and have mixed development, covered by receptacle scales that detach as the sporangia reaches maturity. The leptosporangiate type sporangium have long stalks of primary walls, the annulus of the sporangia shows secondary walls with “U” shaped thickenings rich in lignin. The epidermal cells of the receptacle originate the sporangia and receptacle scales. The mitotic division events of these two structures are initially similar, but then diverge for the reproductive and vegetative differentiation of these two organs. Meiosis is simultaneous and the spore tetrads are arranged in a decussate or tetragonal shape. The cellular tapetum is initially unstratified but becomes bistratified by mitotic division. The inner layer of the tapetum cells break originating a plasmodial tapetum. During the sporoderm development, the first structure formed is the exospore, composed of sporopolenin, followed by the endospore composed of cellulose, pectin and carboxilated polysaccharides, and finally the perispore. The histochemistry and epifluorescence results indicate that both the sporangia and immature receptacle scales have cell walls of cellulosic. These structures as well as those of the sporangium wall cells maintain its composition during matu­ration. Whereas, the epidermal wall cells of the shields from the mature receptacle scales are characterized by thickened cuticle. The polyphenols are present during all the development stages of the sporangia and receptacle scales. Starch is abundant in the early stages of development of the receptacle cells and sporangial primordia. Conclusions: The ontogeny of the sporangia of P. macrocarpa is similar to the described for leptosporangiate ferns. The receptacle scales are mainly protective structures, its morphology and cell wall composition prevent desiccation or humidity loss of the sporangia during the labile stages of development. These results agree with the protective function attributed to the peltated pluricellular scales present in the vegetative structures of drought tolerant species of ferns and angiosperms.

Acerca de la revista donde se publicó este artículo:

Revista de Biologia Tropical

Título del artículo:

Dengue in Santander State, Colombia: fluctuations in the prevalence of virus serotypes are linked to dengue incidence and genetic diversity of the circulating viruses

Objective: To investigate the link between fluctuations in the prevalence of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and the number of dengue cases in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, Santander State, Colombia, in the 2007–2010 and 2014–2017 periods. Method: Viruses were isolated from febrile patient samples by direct application to C6/36-HT cells and typed using monoclonal antibodies. We performed autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses to determine whether fluctuations in the prevalence of DENV serotypes and dengue cases were correlated. Full envelope (E) gene sequences were employed to examine the genetic diversity of serotypes circulating by using a phylogenetic approach. Results: All four dengue virus serotypes were detected. DENV-1 was the dominant serotype in both periods followed by DENV-3 or DENV-2 depending on the period; DENV-4 was the least prevalent virus in both periods. Cross-correlation analyses suggest a temporal relation between the fluctuations in the prevalence of DENV serotypes, which were almost simultaneous (lag = 0) or related to recent past fluctuations (lag > 1.0) in the number of dengue cases. Data suggest that a sustained predominance of DENV-1, an increase of the DENV-4 prevalence, and a switch from DENV-3 to DENV-2 could be linked to an outbreak. Circulating viruses were grouped into Genotype V, Asia/American III and II for DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4, respectively; intragenotypic diversity was detected. Conclusions: The present work highlights the need of comprehensive studies on dynamics of DENV in Colombia to understand transmission of dengue and evaluate the effectiveness of a vaccination programme.

Acerca de la revista donde se publicó este artículo:

Tropical Medicine and International Health